From:http://turtle.ee.ncku.edu.tw/~tung/dns/nslookup.html:
有些時候, user 可能會想要手動查詢 DNS 上一些資料, 或者是要看看 DNS 是否有問題,
此時我們最常用的工具就是 nslookup 了, 基本上 nslookup 會根據 /etc/resolv.conf
的內容去找到所要使用的 local DNS server.
使用說明
打入 nslookup 命令後, 會看到 > 提示符號, 此時打 ? 就會出現 nslookup
說明
Default Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
>?
$Id: nslookup.help,v 8.4 1996/10/25 18:09:41 vixie
Exp $
Commands:
(identifiers are shown in uppercase, [] means optional)
NAME
- print info about the host/domain NAME using default server
NAME1 NAME2 - as above,
but use NAME2 as server
help or ?
- print info on common commands; see nslookup(1) for details
set OPTION - set
an option
all
- print options, current server and host
[no]debug - print
debugging information
[no]d2
- print exhaustive debugging information
[no]defname - append domain
name to each query
[no]recurse - ask for recursive
answer to query
[no]vc
- always use a virtual circuit
domain=NAME - set default
domain name to NAME
srchlist=N1[/N2/.../N6] -
set domain to N1 and search list to N1,N2, etc.
root=NAME - set
root server to NAME
retry=X
- set number of retries to X
timeout=X - set
initial time-out interval to X seconds
querytype=X - set query type,
e.g., A,ANY,CNAME,HINFO,MX,PX,NS,PTR,SOA,TXT,WKS,SRV,NAPTR
port=X
- set port number to send query on
type=X
- synonym for querytype
class=X
- set query class to one of IN (Internet), CHAOS, HESIOD or ANY
server NAME - set default
server to NAME, using current default server
lserver NAME - set default
server to NAME, using initial server
finger [USER] - finger the optional
USER at the current default host
root
- set current default server to the root
ls [opt] DOMAIN [> FILE] - list addresses in
DOMAIN (optional: output to FILE)
-a
- list canonical names and aliases
-h
- list HINFO (CPU type and operating system)
-s
- list well-known services
-d
- list all records
-t TYPE
- list records of the given type (e.g., A,CNAME,MX, etc.)
view FILE
- sort an 'ls' output file and view it with more
exit
- exit the program, ^D also exits
>^D
Interactive/Noninteractive (交談式/非交談式)
執行 nslookup 時可以直接在後面跟著我們要查詢的資料, 那麼 nslookup 會直接把結果傳回來
如果只打入 nslookup [enter], 則進入交談模式, 出現提示符號 >, 此時 nslookup
會等待 user input command.
tung@traveler:~> nslookup
www.yohoo.com
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: yohoo.com
Address: 216.116.98.143
Aliases: www.yohoo.com
tung@traveler:~> nslookup
Default Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
> www.yohoo.com
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: yohoo.com
Address: 216.116.98.143
Aliases: www.yohoo.com
Authoritative/Non-Authoritative
在查詢時有時會出現 Non-authoritative answer, 代表這個答案是由 local
DNS 的 cache 中直接讀出來的, 而不是 local DNS 向真正負責這個 domain 的
name server 問來的.
常用的一些 option/command
1. set all
可以得知目前 nslookup 的一些 default 設定值
tung@traveler:~>
nslookup
Default Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
> set all
Default Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
Set options:
nodebug
defname search
recurse
nod2
novc
noignoretc port=53
querytype=A class=IN
timeout=5 retry=4
root=a.root-servers.net.
domain=ee.ncku.edu.tw
srchlist=ee.ncku.edu.tw
2. server dns_server_ip
表示將內定的 local DNS 換成另一部 server
Ex: server 140.116.2.6
3. set type=any
表示在查詢某個 domain name 時, 將和這個 domain name 的一些相關資料一併顯示出來
> set type=any
> www.yohoo.com
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
Non-authoritative answer:
www.yohoo.com canonical name = yohoo.com
Authoritative answers can be found from:
yohoo.com
nameserver = ns1.netgateway.net
yohoo.com
nameserver = ns2.netgateway.net
ns1.netgateway.net
internet address = 216.116.98.7
ns2.netgateway.net
internet address = 216.116.98.8
在上面的這個例子, 我們除了知道 www.yohoo.com 的 IP 外, 我們還得知了
yohoo.com 是由哪部 name server 在負責的. 因此如果想要知道 www.yohoo.com
真正在 yohoo.com 上的記錄是如何, 而不要有 local DNS cache 中傳回的資料,
我們可以配合使用 server 這個 command 將 default local DNS 改為負責 yohoo.com
的 DNS, 然後再查詢一次
> server 216.116.98.7
Default Server: ns1.netgateway.net
Address: 216.116.98.7
> www.yohoo.com
Server: ns1.netgateway.net
Address: 216.116.98.7
Name: yohoo.com
Address: 216.116.98.143
Aliases: www.yohoo.com
4. set type=ptr
本來要由 IP 反查 domain name時, 在直接打 IP 就行了, 但如果已經下了
type=any 的話, 要由 IP 反查時就沒那麼方便了, 此時 IP 4 個數字要倒著寫,
最後還要加上 in-addr.arpa. 以查 140.116.72.219 為例, 要輸入的就是 219.72.116.140.in-addr.arpa
tung@traveler:~> nslookup
Default Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
> 140.116.72.219
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
Name: garfield.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.219
> set type=any
> 140.116.72.219
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
*** sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw can't find 140.116.72.219:
Non-existent host/domain
> 219.72.116.140.in-addr.arpa
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
219.72.116.140.in-addr.arpa
name = garfield.ee.ncku.edu.tw
72.116.140.IN-ADDR.ARPA nameserver = sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw internet
address = 140.116.72.14
另外一個辦法就是先下 set type=ptr 或 set type=a 命令, 脫離 type=any
模式, 再進行 IP 反查 domain name 的 command
> set typr=ptr
> 140.116.72.219
Server: sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.72.14
219.72.116.140.in-addr.arpa
name = garfield.ee.ncku.edu.tw
72.116.140.IN-ADDR.ARPA nameserver = sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw internet
address = 140.116.72.14
5. ls domain
這個命令是要求 name server 將其負責的 zone 內容
show 出來, 這個動作相當於 name server 的整份記錄從 server 端傳回給 nslookup
這個程式, 這種傳回整個 zone 的動作叫作 zone transfer
> set type=any
> ee.ncku.edu.tw
Server: cs.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.2.6
ee.ncku.edu.tw nameserver = sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
ee.ncku.edu.tw preference = 1, mail exchanger
= eembox.ee.ncku.edu.tw
ee.ncku.edu.tw internet address = 140.116.72.15
ee.ncku.edu.tw
origin
= sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
mail
addr = root.sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
serial
= 1999033001
refresh
= 3600 (1H)
retry
= 900 (15M)
expire
= 3600000 (5w6d16h)
minimum
ttl = 3600 (1H)
ee.ncku.edu.tw nameserver = sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw
sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw internet
address = 140.116.72.14
eembox.ee.ncku.edu.tw internet address
= 140.116.72.15
> ls ee.ncku.edu.tw
Default Server: cs.ncku.edu.tw
Address: 140.116.2.6
> [sun4.ee.ncku.edu.tw]
$ORIGIN ee.ncku.edu.tw.
@
1H IN A 140.116.72.15
hdlib4
1H IN A 140.116.72.4
ds114
1H IN A 140.116.72.114
hdlib5
1H IN A 140.116.72.5
ds115
1H IN A 140.116.72.115
yokoyama1
1H IN A 140.116.227.217
hdlib6
1H IN A 140.116.72.6
ds116
1H IN A 140.116.72.116
yokoyama2
1H IN A 140.116.227.218
ds117
1H IN A 140.116.72.117
ds120
1H IN A 140.116.72.120
ds118
1H IN A 140.116.72.118
ds121
1H IN A 140.116.72.121
ds119
1H IN A 140.116.72.119
ds122
1H IN A 140.116.72.122
ds123
1H IN A 140.116.72.123
intelab01
1H IN A 140.116.227.39
.....
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